INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CONSOLIDATION MATERIAL IN EARTHEN BUILDING HERITAGE

Abstract

Earthen building materials have been utilized throughout history, presenting significant vulnerability to degradation from environmental factors. To enhance the structural integrity and durability of them consolidation materials have been employed. This research project focuses on assessing the effectiveness of a novel consolidation material comprising nano silica, potassium silicate, and lithium silicates. While potassium and nano silica have been extensively used for heritage material consolidation, the recent surge in the application of lithium silicate is attributed to its favorable stability and availability. Brick mock-ups resembling the original sample composition from an archaeological site in Saudi Arabia were created and subjected to comprehensive chemical and mechanical testing following a systematic methodology. Chemical stability and reactions of the consolidates post-application were evaluated using X-ray diffraction, attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The physical-mechanical behavior of the consolidates was assessed through capillary water absorption, surface abrasion tests, colorimetric analysis, and microscopic examination. To gauge effectiveness, micro-drilling and scratching tests were conducted to determine hardness, while compression, tensile, and shear strength tests were performed. Additionally, a preliminary assessment of sustainability was undertaken using open life cycle assessment (LCA) software, evaluating the effectiveness of the consolidants in conjunction with their sustainable attributes towards users and the environment. This study aims to provide valuable insights into the performance and viability of the investigated consolidation materials for the preservation and conservation of earthen heritage structures.